John E. Brittain

• Lento, Jennifer; Lau, Danny C. P.; Brittain, John Edward; Culp, Joseph M. & Goedkoop, Willem (2023). Macroinvertebrate traits in Arctic streams reveal latitudinal patterns in physiology and habits that are strongly linked to climate. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2296-701X. 11. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1209612.
• Lund, Jan Henning L’Abée; Braut, Geir Sverre & Brittain, John Edward (2022). Har internkontroll innen vassdragsforvaltning den tilsiktede effekten? Vann. ISSN 0042-2592. p. 225–233. Show summary

  Revisjoner er vanlig metode NVE benytter for å kontrollere virksomheter med vassdragsanlegg som har konsesjon etter vassdragslovgivningen. I perioden 2012-2020 har NVE revidert 20 virksomheter 2-12 ganger. Det gjør det mulig å studere effekten av revisjon. Denne undersøkelsen dokumenterer for første gang effekten av revisjoner av slike virksomheter. Vi er ikke kjent med tilsvarende undersøkelser fra andre land. Gjennomgangen avdekker alvorlige forhold. For flere virksomheter er det dokumentert gjentatte avvik til krav i internforskriften IK-vassdrag om å utarbeide og gjennomføre rutiner for å avdekke, rette opp og forebygge avvik. Deltagelse av de samme personene fra revidert enhet har begrenset effekt på å redusere gjentagende avvik ved fremtidige revisjoner. Våre resultater viser at en revisjon har marginal effekt ut over det konkrete anlegget som er revidert. Vi mener det er hensiktsmessig å skjele til erfaring fra andre tilsynsområder f.eks. helse for å bedre effekten av revisjoner av virksomheter med vassdragsanlegg.

• L'Abee-Lund, Jan Henning; Braut, Geir Sverre & Brittain, John Edward (2022). Compliance with water resource regulation: A mixed-method study of the effects of regulatory audits. Rivers Research and Applications: an international journal devoted to river research and management. ISSN 1535-1459. p. 1–10. doi: 10.1002/rra.4092. Show summary

  Regulatory audits have been judged as a vital instrument to ensure compliance withregulatory obligations. Similarity in understanding of the achievement of regulatoryoutcomes in both authorities and companies is a prerequisite to secure conformity toregulations. A divergent approach to audits suggests restricted effects of regulatoryaudits. We analysed nonconformity, documented in 153 audits of 113 Norwegianhydropower and aquaculture companies. Twenty companies were audited 2–12times during 2012–2020. There were no indications that an audit resulted inimproved awareness in the company. A major part of nonconformity is connected tofinancial interest, likely of significance to the company itself. In addition to the envi-ronmental consequences, the failure to uncover, correct, and prevent nonconformityis alarming, seen both from a risk governance and a financial perspective. Our studyof water resource management and regulation shows that merely performing auditshave no significant effect on improvement. We claim that it is futile to implementaudits if they are not put into some systematic constructed programme theory inevery single company. When stating nonconformity in regulatory audits, the rationalway of following up by the authorities should focus on how the company and sitemanagers in practice work with improving safety and quality,

• Schütz, Stefan Andreas; Brittain, John Edward & Füreder, Leopold (2021). Diverging life cycle patterns of two Diamesa species (Diptera, Chironomidae) in High Arctic streams, Svalbard. Polar Biology. ISSN 0722-4060. p. 1–12. doi: 10.1007/s00300-021-02987-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Eriksen, Tor Erik; Jacobsen, Dean; Demars, Benoît O.L.; Brittain, John E; Søli, Geir & Friberg, Nikolai (2021). Effects of pollution-induced changes in oxygen conditions scaling up from individuals to ecosystems in a tropical river network. Science of the Total Environment. ISSN 0048-9697. 814. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151958. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Anthropogenic inputs of nutrients and organic matter are common in tropical lowland rivers while little is known about the pollution-induced changes in oxygen availability and respiratory performance of ectotherms in these high temperature systems. We investigated the effects of agriculture and urban land-use on river water oxygen levels (diel measurements), decomposition rates (Wettex) and macroinvertebrate assemblages (field studies), as well as the oxy-regulatory capacity of eight riverine macroinvertebrate taxa (laboratory study) from a tropical lowland river network in Myanmar. The highest decomposition rates (0.1–5.5 mg Wettex degree day−1) and oxygen stress (≤91% saturation deficits) were found in reaches draining degraded catchments with elevated concentrations of nutrients. All individual macroinvertebrate taxa investigated were to some extent able to regulate their respiration when placed under oxygen stress in the laboratory (regulation value of 0.74–0.89). The oxy-regulation capacity of macroinvertebrate assemblages in the river network were, as predicted, inversely related to diel oxygen stress (maximum deficit; lm, R2 = 0.69), where taxonomic richness and pollution sensitivity (ASPT metric) also declined sharply (lm, R2 ≥ 0.79). Our study shows that eutrophication and organic pollution induce oxygen deficits in tropical rivers but stimulate decomposition rates, which may further deplete oxygen levels. Furthermore, macroinvertebrate oxy-regulatory capacity predicts assemblage composition along gradients in oxygen stress at the ecosystem level. Our findings suggest that tropical lowland river systems could be highly sensitive to pollution by nutrients and organic matter leading to substantial impacts on ectotherm community composition and ecosystem functioning.

• L'Abee-Lund, Jan Henning; Vøllestad, Leif Asbjørn; Brittain, John; Kvambekk, Ånund Sigurd & Solvang, Tord (2021). Geographic variation and temporal trends in ice phenology in Norwegian lakes during the period 1890-2020. The Cryosphere. ISSN 1994-0416. 15(5), p. 2333–2356. doi: 10.5194/tc-15-2333-2021. Full text in Research Archive
• Eriksen, Tor Erik; Brittain, John E; Søli, Geir; Jacobsen, Dean; Goethals, Peter & Friberg, Nikolai (2021). A global perspective on the application of riverine macroinvertebrates as biological indicators in Africa, South-Central America, Mexico and Southern Asia. Ecological Indicators. ISSN 1470-160X. 126. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107609. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aim of this study is to generate a first global overview of pressures and methods used to assess the environmental quality of rivers and streams using macroinvertebrates. In total, 314 peer-review studies were reviewed, published in the period 1997 – 2018, from developing economies in Africa, South-Central America, Mexico and Southern Asia. To establish a global perspective, the results from the literature review were compared to other compiled datasets, biomonitoring manuals, environmental surveys and literature reviews from Europe, North America and Australasia. The literature review from the developing economies showed that sampling was most usual during baseflow, using kick- or Surber sampling, with taxonomical identification levels mostly to genus or family. Assessments were most often done using metrics (singular and multimetrics; > 70% of the applications) and were based on community attributes related to richness and dominance (58% of studies), sensitivity (40%), diversity by heterogeneity (32%) and functional traits (25%). Within each category, the most used metrics were the richness and dominance of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT), Biological Monitoring Working Party scoring systems (BMWP/ASPT), Shannon-Wiener diversity and feeding traits. Overall, 92% of the reviewed studies reported that the use of macroinvertebrates, at least in some of their responses, was successful in detecting degradation of environmental quality in the investigated rivers. Given the many similarities in applied methods worldwide, at present, we consider that a global assessment of riverine environmental quality can be feasible by using family level identifications of macroinvertebrate samples. We propose a global common metric (multimetric), comprising three of the most common river assessment metrics from the reviewed literature, but also elsewhere, namely the BMWP/ASPT, Shannon-Wiener diversity and richness of EPT. Recent concerns regarding the global state of nature and consequences for freshwater communities, as reported by the intergovernmental science-policy platform on biodiversity and ecosystem services (IPBES), emphasize the urgent need for such a synthesis.

• Lento, Jennifer; Culp, Joseph M; Levenstein, Brianna; Aroviita, Jukka; Baturina, Maria A. & Bogan, Daniel [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2021). Temperature and spatial connectivity drive patterns in freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity across the Arctic. Freshwater Biology. ISSN 0046-5070. 67(1), p. 159–175. doi: 10.1111/fwb.13805. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  1. Warming in the Arctic is predicted to change freshwater biodiversity through loss of unique taxa and northward range expansion of lower latitude taxa. Detecting such changes requires establishing circumpolar baselines for diversity, and understanding the primary drivers of diversity. 2. We examined benthic macroinvertebrate diversity using a circumpolar dataset of >1,500 Arctic lake and river sites. Rarefied α diversity within catchments was assessed along latitude and temperature gradients. Community composition was assessed through region-scale analysis of β diversity and its components (nestedness and turnover), and analysis of biotic–abiotic relationships. 3. Rarefied α diversity of lakes and rivers declined with increasing latitude, although more strongly across mainland regions than islands. Diversity was strongly related to air temperature, with the lowest diversity in the coldest catchments. Regional dissimilarity was highest when mainland regions were compared with islands, suggesting that connectivity limitations led to the strongest dissimilarity. High contributions of nestedness indicated that island regions contained a subset of the taxa found in mainland regions. 4. High Arctic rivers and lakes were predominately occupied by Chironomidae and Oligochaeta, whereas Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa were more abundant at lower latitudes. Community composition was strongly associated with temperature, although geology and precipitation were also important correlates. 5. The strong association with temperature supports the prediction that warming will increase Arctic macroinvertebrate diversity, although low diversity on islands suggests that this increase will be limited by biogeographical constraints. Long-term harmonised monitoring across the circumpolar region is necessary to detect such changes to diversity and inform science-based management. benthic invertebrates, dispersal, diversity, high latitude, lake, river

• Borgstrøm, Reidar; Mestrand, Øyvind Hatleli; Brittain, John Edward & Lien, Leif (2021). The helminth fauna of brown trout (Salmo trutta) from a sub-alpine lake revisited after 40 years with introduced European minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus). Fauna Norvegica. ISSN 1502-4873. 41, p. 15–26. doi: 10.5324/fn.v41i0.3952. Full text in Research Archive
• Heggenes, Jan; Stickler, Morten; Alfredsen, Knut; Brittain, John Edward; Adeva Bustos, Ana & Huusko, Ari (2021). Hydropower-driven thermal changes, biological responses and mitigating measures in northern river systems. Rivers Research and Applications: an international journal devoted to river research and management. ISSN 1535-1459. 37(5), p. 743–765. doi: 10.1002/rra.3788. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Water temperatures control life histories and diversity of aquatic species. Hydropower regulation, particularly in high head systems, alters natural water temperature regimes, which may have profound and long-term impacts on aquatic environments. Temperatures in by-pass sections and reaches affected by residual/environmental minimum flows fluctuate more than in natural flow regimes, driven more by influence of air temperatures. Reaches downstream of power plant outlets tend to become warmer in winter and colder in summer, driven by stratification behind the reservoir dam. In hydro-peaked systems high-low temperature effects may thus be aggravated. We review alterations of hydropower to natural thermal regimes, impacts on key organisms in terms of survival, development and behavioral thresholds, and potential mitigation measures, with focus on Atlantic salmon and brown trout in high northern latitude stream systems. Previous syntheses have focused mainly on flow changes and ecological impacts. Temperature effects may not always be correlated with flow changes, although there are some unique challenges with temperature changes in far northern latitudes, for example, related to the seasonal and colder climates. To help knowledge-based management and identify potential knowledge gaps, we review how hydropower regulation may impact seasonal water temperatures, what impacts changes to stream system temperature regimes may have to key organisms, for example, Atlantic salmon and brown trout, and what adaptations and behavioral variations they may exhibit to respond to changed temperature regimes, and finally what good practices can be recommended for mitigating temperature impacts. This synthesis indicates that there are impacts to the fish and their supporting food webs, in particular related to growth and development, and the potential for negative impacts seems higher, and better studied, than positive impacts in northern river systems. Some of these impacts may be modified by directed hydropower regulation practices, but here effect studies and knowledge are limited.

• Eriksen, Tor Erik; Friberg, Nikolai; Brittain, John E; Søli, Geir ; Ballot, Andreas & Årstein-Eriksen, Eirin [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Ecological condition, biodiversity and major environmental challenges in a tropical river network in the Bago District in South-central Myanmar: First insights to the unknown. Limnologica. ISSN 0075-9511. 86. doi: 10.1016/j.limno.2020.125835. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Freshwater ecosystems in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot face immediate threats through habitat loss and species extinction. Systems to monitor ecological status and trends in biodiversity are therefore crucially needed. Myanmar is part of Indo-Burma but with no past experience of biomonitoring in freshwaters. In this study, we aimed to assess the ecological and biodiversity status of a lowland river network in south-central Myanmar by identifying and quantifying pressures using macroinvertebrates as bioindicators. Novel data on water quality (nutrients, sediments and metals), hydromorphology (Morphological Quality Index; MQI), habitat quality (Litter-Siltation Index; LSI), land use, and macroinvertebrates were collected from 25 river sites. The dominant pressures on rivers were urban land use, inputs of untreated sewage, in-stream and riparian garbage littering, run-off from agricultural fields and plantations, as well as physical habitat degradation. Water chemistry data indicated inputs of sediments and nutrients to degraded streams, but no obvious metal pollution. The LSI and MQI indices indicated high perturbation in agricultural and urban areas, respectively. Ecological status was assessed using a first version of a modified Average Score per Taxon index (ASPT), while biodiversity was assessed by family richness within the orders Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera and Odonata (EPTCO), which was tested against the pressure gradient by principal component regressions. ASPT had high diagnostic capabilities (R2 = 0.68, p < 0.001) and showed that the index can be used to evaluate ecological water quality in this region. Biodiversity, expressed as family richness, also declined along the gradient (R2 = 0.59, p = 0.041), giving support to the fact that current land-use practices in this area are unsustainable.

• Brittain, John Edward; Heino, Jani; Friberg, Nikolai; Aroviita, Jukka; Kahlert, Maria & Karjalainen, Satu‐Maaria [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2020). Ecological correlates of riverine diatom and macroinvertebrate alpha and beta diversity across Arctic Fennoscandia. Freshwater Biology. ISSN 0046-5070. 67(1), p. 49–63. doi: 10.1111/fwb.13616. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  1.Arctic freshwaters support biota adapted to the harsh conditions at these latitudes, but the climate is changing rapidly and so are the underlying environmental filters. Currently, we have limited understanding of broad‐scale patterns of Arctic riverine biodiversity and the correlates of α‐ and β‐diversity. 2.Using information from a database set up within the scope of the Arctic Council's Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Plan, we analysed patterns and correlates of α‐ and β‐diversity in benthic diatom and macroinvertebrate communities across northern Norway, Sweden, and Finland. We analysed variation in total β‐diversity and its replacement and richness difference components in relation to location of the river reach and its drainage basin (Baltic Sea in the south, the Barents Sea in the east and the north, and the Norwegian Sea in the west), in addition to climate and environmental variables. 3.In both macroinvertebrates and diatoms, the replacement and richness difference components showed wide variation. For macroinvertebrates, the richness difference component was the more important, whereas for diatoms, the replacement component was the more important in contributing to variation in β‐diversity. There was no significant difference in β‐diversity between the three main drainage basins, but species composition differed among the drainage basins. 4.Based on the richness difference component of β‐diversity, climate variables were most strongly associated with community variation in macroinvertebrates. In diatoms, both environmental and climate variables were strongly correlated with community compositional variation. In both groups, there were also significant differences in α‐diversity among the three main drainage basins, and several taxa were significant indicators of one of these drainage basins. Alpha diversity was greater in areas with a continental climate, while the oceanic areas in the west harboured greatly reduced flora and fauna. 5.The correlates of biodiversity were relatively similar in macroinvertebrates and diatoms. Climate variables, in particular temperature, were the most strongly associated with biodiversity patterns in the Arctic rivers of Fennoscandia. Sedimentary geology may be associated with increased productivity and, to a lesser extent, with sensitivity to acidification. There was considerable variation in community composition across Arctic Fennoscandia, indicating the necessity of protecting several stream reaches or even whole catchments within each region to conserve total riverine biodiversity. Furthermore, it is likely that the predicted changes in temperature in Arctic areas will influence riverine diversity patterns across Fennoscandia.

• Huser, Brian J.; Futter, Martyn N.; Bogan, Daniel; Brittain, John Edward; Culp, Joseph M & Goedkoop, Willem [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2020). Spatial and temporal variation in Arctic freshwater chemistry— Reflecting climate-induced landscape alterations and a changing template for biodiversity. Freshwater Biology. ISSN 0046-5070. 67(1), p. 14–29. doi: 10.1111/fwb.13645. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  1. Freshwater chemistry across the circumpolar region was characterised using a pan-Arctic data set from 1,032 lake and 482 river stations. Temporal trends were estimated for Early (1970–1985), Middle (1986–2000), and Late (2001–2015) periods. Spatial patterns were assessed using data collected since 2001. 2. Alkalinity, pH, conductivity, sulfate, chloride, sodium, calcium, and magnesium (major ions) were generally higher in the northern-most Arctic regions than in the Near Arctic (southern-most) region. In particular, spatial patterns in pH, alkalinity, calcium, and magnesium appeared to reflect underlying geology, with more alkaline waters in the High Arctic and Sub Arctic, where sedimentary bedrock dominated. 3. Carbon and nutrients displayed latitudinal trends, with lower levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen, and (to a lesser extent) total phosphorus (TP) in the High and Low Arctic than at lower latitudes. Significantly higher nutrient levels were observed in systems impacted by permafrost thaw slumps. 4. Bulk temporal trends indicated that TP was higher during the Late period in the High Arctic, whereas it was lower in the Near Arctic. In contrast, DOC and total nitrogen were both lower during the Late period in the High Arctic sites. Major ion concentrations were higher in the Near, Sub, and Low Arctic during the Late period, but the opposite bulk trend was found in the High Arctic. 5. Significant pan-Arctic temporal trends were detected for all variables, with the most prevalent being negative TP trends in the Near and Sub Arctic, and positive trends in the High and Low Arctic (mean trends ranged from +0.57%/year in the High/Low Arctic to −2.2%/year in the Near Arctic), indicating widespread nutrient enrichment at higher latitudes and oligotrophication at lower latitudes. 6. The divergent P trends across regions may be explained by changes in deposition and climate, causing decreased catchment transport of P in the south (e.g. increased soil binding and trapping in terrestrial vegetation) and increased P availability in the north (deepening of the active layer of the permafrost and soil/sediment sloughing). Other changes in concentrations of major ions and DOC were consistent with projected effects of ongoing climate change. Given the ongoing warming across the Arctic, these region-specific changes are likely to have even greater effects on Arctic water quality, biota, ecosystem function and services, and human well-being in the future. biogeochemistry, eutrophication, lakes, oligotrophication, rivers

• Meland, Sondre; Sun, Zhenhua; Sokolova, Ekaterina; Rauch, Sebastien & Brittain, John E (2020). A comparative study of macroinvertebrate biodiversity in highway stormwater ponds and natural ponds. Science of the Total Environment. ISSN 0048-9697. 740. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140029. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The use of stormwater ponds along the highways is shown to be an effective alternative to conventional systems, which are usually sewers. These ponds have the potential to combine their primary function of pollution and peak flow control with the promotion of biodiversity. The present study focuses on comparing natural and highway stormwater ponds in terms of environmental conditions and biodiversity of macroinvertebrate communities. Twelve highway stormwater ponds and nineteen natural ponds (located within or in the vicinity of cultivated landscape) were explored for the number of taxa, community composition, and selected environmental variables: pH, conductivity, pond surface area, the number of ponds within 1 km radius, and the distance to nearest neighboring pond. Highway stormwater ponds showed much higher conductivity, which is a good proxy for chloride concentration and highway pollutants. In addition, the surface area of stormwater ponds was almost twice as big as that of natural ponds. The biological community composition was very different between the two types of ponds, and the number of taxa was slightly higher in the highway stormwater ponds. The most important variables responsible for the variation in the biological community composition were conductivity, pond surface area, and the number of ponds within 1 km radius. This study supports that, in addition to their role in pollution and peak flow control, stormwater ponds have the potential to provide a habitat that may otherwise be unavailable along the highway.

• Saltveit, Svein Jakob; Brabrand, Åge & Brittain, John Edward (2019). Rivers need floods: Management lessons learnt from the regulation of the Norwegian salmon river, Suldalslågen. Rivers Research and Applications: an international journal devoted to river research and management. ISSN 1535-1459. 35(8), p. 1181–1191. doi: 10.1002/rra.3536. Full text in Research Archive
• Sun, Zhenhua; Sokolova, Ekaterina; Brittain, John E; Saltveit, Svein Jakob; Rauch, Sébastien & Meland, Sondre (2019). Impact of environmental factors on aquatic biodiversity in roadside stormwater ponds. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42497-z. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Constructed stormwater ponds mitigate runoff volumes and pollution, and provide other ecosystem services, such as supporting biodiversity, but these services attracted relatively less attention. The impacts of the pollution levels in the water column and sediments, the physical characteristics of ponds, and the presence of amphibians on the macroinvertebrate community composition and biodiversity were explored in twelve stormwater ponds in Norway. Also, the similarities between macroinvertebrate, zooplankton and plant communities were explored. Most of the taxa displayed in the ordination diagram were positively correlated with the pond size and the number of neighbouring ponds, and negatively correlated with the pollution levels in the water column and sediments. However, no statistically significant impacts on the number of taxa and Shannon index were observed. There were low similarities between the macroinvertebrate and zooplankton community compositions as well as between the plant and macroinvertebrate community compositions in the stormwater ponds. We observed a significant positive correlation between the number of plant and of zooplankton taxa, and a weak non-significant positive correlation between the number of plant and of macroinvertebrate taxa. Overall, the explanatory variables had a significant impact on the community composition, but not on the number of taxa nor Shannon index.

• Brown, Lee E.; Khamis, Kieran; Wilkes, Martin; Blaen, Phillip; Brittain, John E & Carrivick, Jonathan L. [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2018). Functional diversity and community assembly of river invertebrates show globally consistent responses to decreasing glacier cover. Nature Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2397-334X. 2(2), p. 325–333. doi: 10.1038/s41559-017-0426-x. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Global change threatens invertebrate biodiversity and its central role in numerous ecosystem functions and services. Functional trait analyses have been advocated to uncover global mechanisms behind biodiversity responses to environmental change, but the application of this approach for invertebrates is underdeveloped relative to other organism groups. From an evaluation of 363 records comprising >1.23 million invertebrates collected from rivers across nine biogeographic regions on three continents, consistent responses of community trait composition and diversity to replicated gradients of reduced glacier cover are demonstrated. After accounting for a systematic regional effect of latitude, the processes shaping river invertebrate functional diversity are globally consistent. Analyses nested within individual regions identified an increase in functional diversity as glacier cover decreases. Community assembly models demonstrated that dispersal limitation was the dominant process underlying these patterns, although environmental filtering was also evident in highly glacierized basins. These findings indicate that predictable mechanisms govern river invertebrate community responses to decreasing glacier cover globally.

• Sun, Zhenhua; Brittain, John Edward; Sokolova, Ekaterina; Thygesen, Helene; Saltveit, Svein Jakob & Rauch, Sebastian [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Aquatic biodiversity in sedimentation ponds receiving road runoff - What are the key drivers? Science of the Total Environment. ISSN 0048-9697. 610-611, p. 1527–1535. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.080. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Recently, increased attention has been paid to biodiversity conservation provided by blue-green solutions such as engineered ponds that are primarily established for water treatment and flood control. However, little research has been done to analyse the factors that affect biodiversity in such ponds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of environmental factors on aquatic biodiversity, mainly macroinvertebrate communities, in road sedimentation ponds in order to provide a foundation for recommendations on aquatic biodiversity conservation. Multivariate statistical methods, including unconstrained and constrained analysis, were applied to examine the relationships between organisms and the water quality as well as physical factors (including plant cover). Stepwise multiple regressions indicated that the most important variables governing the variation in the biological community composition were pond size, average annual daily traffic, metals, chloride, distance to the closest pond from study pond, dissolved oxygen, hydrocarbons, and phosphorus. The presence of most taxa was positively correlated with pond size and negatively correlated with metals. Small ponds with high pollutant loadings were associated with a low diversity and dominated by a few pollution tolerant taxa such as oligochaetes. A comprehensive understanding of impacts of various environmental factors on aquatic biodiversity is important to effectively promote and conserve aquatic biodiversity in such sedimentation ponds. Our results indicate that road sedimentation ponds should be designed large enough, because large ponds are likely to provide a more heterogeneous habitat and thus contain a species rich fauna. In addition, larger ponds seem to be less contaminated due to dilution compared to smaller ponds, thereby maintaining a higher biodiversity. Finally, creating some additional ponds in the vicinity of the sedimentation ponds in areas with few water bodies would increase the connectivity that facilitates the movement of invertebrates between ponds.

• Milner, Alexander M.; Khamis, Kieran; Battin, Tom J.; Brittain, John Edward; Barrand, Nicholas E. & Füreder, Leopold [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2017). Glacier shrinkage driving global changes in downstream systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. ISSN 0027-8424. 114(37), p. 9770–9778. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1619807114. Full text in Research Archive
• Boumans, Louis; Hogner, Silje; Brittain, John Edward & Johnsen, Arild (2017). Ecological speciation by temporal isolation in a population of the stonefly Leuctra hippopus (Plecoptera, Leuctridae). Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2045-7758. 7(5), p. 1635–1649. doi: 10.1002/ece3.2638. Show summary

  Stream dwelling invertebrates are ideal candidates for the study of ecological speciation as they are often adapted to particular environmental conditions within a stream and inhabit only certain reaches of a drainage basin, separated by unsuitable habitat. We studied an atypical population of the stonefly Leuctra hippopus at a site in central Norway, the Isterfoss rapids, in relation to three nearby and two remote conspecific populations. Adults of this population emerge about a month earlier than those of nearby populations, live on large boulders emerging from the rapids, and are short-lived. This population also has distinct morphological features and was studied earlier during the period 1975–1990. We reassessed morphological distinctness with new measurements and added several analyses of genetic distinctness based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence markers, as well as AFLP fingerprinting and SNPs mined from RAD sequences. The Isterfoss population is shown to be most closely related to its geographical neighbors, yet clearly morphologically and genetically distinct and homogeneous. We conclude that this population is in the process of sympatric speciation, with temporal isolation being the most important direct barrier to gene flow. The shift in reproductive season results from the particular temperature and water level regime in the Isterfoss rapids. The distinct adult body shape and loss of flight are hypothesized to be an adaptation to the unusual habitat. Ecological diversification on small spatial and temporal scales is one of the likely causes of the high diversity of aquatic insects.

• Hågvar, Sigmund; Ohlson, Mikael & Brittain, John Edward (2016). A melting glacier feeds aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates with ancient carbon and supports early succession. Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine research. ISSN 1523-0430. 48(3), p. 551–562. doi: 10.1657/AAAR0016-027.
• Saltveit, Svein Jakob & Brittain, John Edward (2016). Contrasting life cycle strategies in mountain and lowland populations of the stonefly, Amphinemura standfussi. Biology of Inland Waters. ISSN 0286-8172. p. 43–50. Show summary

  The life cycle, including egg development and nymphal growth and nutrition of Amphinemura standfussi was studied both in the laboratory and in the field. In the laboratory eggs from a lowland river (Sørkedalselva) and two mountain lakes (Øvre Heimdalsvatn, Blåtjern), laid during August and September, hatched between December and April with peak hatching in January. There was little difference between the incubation period at 4, 8 and 12 °C or between localities. At 16 and 20 °C hatching only occurred if the eggs were transferred to a lower temperature, indicating a diapause at high temperatures. Thus higher water temperatures in lowland localities may delay egg development compared to the mountain populations. The first instar nymphs were also significantly larger in the mountain populations than in the lowland population. Nymphal growth was faster at higher temperatures in all populations, although the highest population from Blåtjern probably benefitted from somewhat higher temperatures in the lake outflow as well as improved supply of organic detritus. The Blåtjern population was also short-winged, thus saving energy expenditure. In addition, adult females in the laboratory cultures were observed to consume dead adult males.

• Frainer, André; Johansen, Kristin M. Sommerseth; Siwertsson, Anna; Mousavi, Seyed Ali; Brittain, John Edward & Klemetsen, Anders [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Variation in benthic invertebrate functional trait diversity and composition across depths and seasons in a subarctic lake. Fundamental and Applied Limnology. ISSN 1863-9135. 188(2), p. 103–112. doi: 10.1127/fal/2016/0839. Full text in Research Archive
• Klemetsen, Anders; Brittain, John Edward & Engblom, E. (2015). New records of Metretopus alter Bengtsson, 1930 and Metretopus borealis (Eaton, 1871)(Ephemeroptera) in northern Norway, including conformation of M. alter at the type locality after 90 years. Norwegian Journal of Entomology. ISSN 1501-8415. 62(1), p. 117–128.
• Eleftheriou, G; Monte, L.; Brittain, John Edward & Tsabaris, C (2015). Modelling and assessment of the impact of radiocesium and radiostrontium contamination in the Thermaikos Gulf, Greece. Science of the Total Environment. ISSN 0048-9697. 533, p. 133–143. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.101.
• Sartori, M & Brittain, John Edward (2014). Order Ephemeroptera. In Thorp, J H & Covich, A P (Ed.), Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates. Academic Press. ISSN 978-0-12-374855-3. p. 873–891. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385026-3.00034-6.
• Coulson, Stephen James; Convey, Peter; Aakra, Kjetil; Aarvik, Leif; Ávila-Jimenéz, Maria Luisa & Babenko, A. [Show all 40 contributors for this article] (2014). The terrestrial and freshwater invertebrate biodiversity of the archipelagoes of the Barents Sea, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. ISSN 0038-0717. 68, p. 440–470. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.10.006.
• Blaen, P.J.; Milner, A.M.; Hannah, D.M.; Brittain, John Edward & Brown, L.E. (2014). Impact of changing hydrology on nutrient uptake in High Arctic rivers. Rivers Research and Applications: an international journal devoted to river research and management. ISSN 1535-1459. 30(9), p. 1073–1083. doi: 10.1002/rra.2706.
• Saltveit, Svein Jakob; Brittain, John Edward; Bremnes, Trond; Brabrand, Åge & Bækken, Torleif (2014). The return of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) and improved water quality in urban rivers in Oslo, NORWAY. Rivers Research and Applications: an international journal devoted to river research and management. ISSN 1535-1459. 30(5), p. 571–577. doi: 10.1002/rra.2670.
• Petrin, Zlatko; Brittain, John Edward & Saltveit, Svein Jakob (2013). Mayfly and stonefly species traits and species composition reflect hydrological regulation: a meta-analysis. Freshwater Science (FWS). ISSN 2161-9549. 32(2), p. 425–437. doi: 10.1899/11-172.1. Show summary

  Species traits have been identified as a component of biodiversity that is worthy of investigation as a tool for exploring ecological effects of anthropogenic disturbances. We used metaanalysis to show how selected species traits of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera can be used to examine the ecological effects of flow and water-level regulation in freshwater ecosystems used for hydropower generation. We hypothesized that hydrological regulation would favor an opportunistic ecological strategy and bring about increased similarity in species composition across samples. We found higher reproductive capacity, faster life cycles, and a tendency toward a changed composition of functional feeding groups in lotic stonefly assemblages in response to hydrological regulation. However, the effects of hydrological regulation on mayfly species traits and lentic stonefly species traits were limited. We found lower species turnover in mayflies and stoneflies from regulated than from unregulated lotic and lentic sites, a result suggesting selection of a subset of mayflies and stoneflies from the regional species pool by flow and water-level regulation. The limited support for our predictions probably reflects the comparatively low diversity of aquatic insect species in Norwegian freshwater ecosystems for biogeographical and historical reasons, phenotypic plasticity of the insects’ life histories and feeding habits, low trait diversity, trade-offs among species traits in a marginal region, restrictions to trait combinations and, perhaps, random extinction of mayflies and stoneflies caused by hydrological regulation. We advocate inclusion of speciestrait variables that may affect ecosystem-level ecological processes in environmental assessment studies because a better understanding of trait-mediated ecological functioning should facilitate assessment of the ecological consequences of anthropogenic perturbations of freshwater ecosystems. biodiversity, species traits, ecological functioning, watercourse regulation, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera.

• Tracy, Bliss L.; Carini, Franca; Barabash, Sarah; Berkovskyy, Volodymyr; Brittain, John Edward & Chouhan, Sohan [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2013). The sensitivity of different environments to radioactive contamination. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. ISSN 0265-931X. 122, p. 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.02.015.
• Boumans, Louis & Brittain, John Edward (2012). Faunistics of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in Finnmark, northern Norway, including DNA barcoding of Nemouridae. Norwegian Journal of Entomology. ISSN 1501-8415. 59, p. 196–215.
• Saltveit, Svein Jakob; Brittain, John Edward; Bremnes, Trond & Brabrand, Åge (2012). Langtidsutvikling av økologisk tilstand i vassdrag i Oslo basert på bunndyr og fisk, med vurdering av effekten på laks av klorutslippet i Akerselva våren 2011. Vann. ISSN 0042-2592. 03 2012(03), p. 371–385.
• Hofman, D.; Monte, L.; Boyer, P.; Brittain, John Edward; Donchyts, G. & Gallego, E. [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2011). Computerised Decision Support Systems for the management of freshwater radioecological emergencies: assessment of the state-of-the-art with respect to the experiences and needs of end-users. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. ISSN 0265-931X. 102(2), p. 119–127. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2010.11.002.
• Brittain, John Edward (2010). Radionuclide transfers in freshwater ecosystems. In Fesenko, Sergey (Eds.), Handbook of Parameter Values fro the Prediction of Radionuclide Transfer in Terrestrial and Freshwater Environments. IAEA. ISSN 978-92-0-113009-9. p. 117–131.
• Kjærstad, Gaute; Andersen, Trond; Olsvik, Hans A. & Brittain, John Edward (2010). Døgnfluer, øyenstikkere, steinfluer og vårfluer, Norsk rødliste for arter 2010. The 2010 Norwegian Red List for Species. Artsdatabanken. ISSN 978-82-92838-26-6. p. 227–234.
• Milner, A.M.; Brittain, John Edward; Brown, L.E. & Hannah, D.M. (2010). Water sources and habitat of Alpine streams. In Bundi, Ulrich (Eds.), Alpine Waters. Springer. ISSN 978-3-540-88274-9. p. 175–191.
• Bremnes, Trond; Saltveit, Svein Jakob & Brittain, John Edward (2010). Bunndyr og småkraft. In Frilund, Gunn E. (Eds.), Etterundersøkelser av små kraftverk. Norges vassdrags- og energidirektoratet (NVE). ISSN 978-82-410-0718-7. p. 48–73.
• Brittain, John Edward & Bjørnstad, Helge (2010). A long-term study of catchment inputs of Cs-137 to a subalpine lake in the form of allochthonous terrestrial plant material. Hydrobiologia. ISSN 0018-8158. 642(1), p. 101–106. doi: 10.1007/s10750-010-0163-5.
• Museth, Jon; Borgstrøm, Reidar & Brittain, John Edward (2010). Diet overlap between introduced European minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) and young brown trout (Salmo trutta) in the lake, Øvre Heimdalsvatn: a result of abundant resources or forced niche overlap? Hydrobiologia. ISSN 0018-8158. 642(1), p. 93–100. doi: 10.1007/s10750-010-0162-6. Show summary

  A study of the diet of native brown trout (Salmo trutta) parr and introduced European minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) in the subalpine lake, vre Heimdalsvatn, showed that the two species had considerable dietary overlap, both in the littoral zone and in the outlet of the lake. Chironomidae constituted a substantial proportion of the diet of the two species in both habitats. The results indicated that both zooplankton (Cladocera) and large macroinvertebrates (EPT-species) made up a higher proportion of the minnow diet in the early phase of the minnow establishment (1975-1977) than later, and that the significance of small macroinvertebrates (Chironomidae) as prey has increased during the same period. Dietary analysis of the sympatric brown trout and minnow population in vre Heimdalsvatn does not provide a definitive conclusion about the degree of competition between the two species. However, together with the findings in other studies in vre Heimdalsvatn that have documented reduced recruitment and individual growth of brown trout, decreased individual growth of minnows and a marked decline in the density of large crustaceans (Lepidurus arcticus and Gammarus lacustris) in the shallow littoral of the lake during the last decades indicates that competitive interactions between the two species are likely. This is probably an example of the competition between two fish species with a high degree of dietary overlap when living in sympatry, most likely caused by absence of alternative prey and alternative habitats due to the high predation risk for both brown trout parr and minnows in deeper parts and in the open waters of the lake.

• Næstad, Frode & Brittain, John Edward (2010). Long-term changes in the littoral benthos of a Norwegian subalpine lake following the introduction of the European minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus). Hydrobiologia. ISSN 0018-8158. 642(1), p. 71–79. doi: 10.1007/s10750-010-0160-8. Show summary

  The littoral benthos of the subalpine lake, vre Heimdalsvatn, has been documented in a series of investigations carried out in 1972, 1976, 1985 and 2000. During this 28-year period there have been major changes in the benthos of the lake following the introduction of European minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) into the lake where brown trout (Salmo trutta) was formerly the sole species. In 1972 Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Plecoptera and Gammarus lacustris dominated the macrobenthos, constituting 85% of faunal numbers, while Chironomidae and Oligochaeta made up only c. 6%. However, by 1976, chironomids and oligochaetes had increased in relative abundance, while G. lacustris declined. This trend towards a dominance of chironomids and oligochaetes was confirmed in 1985 and 2000, although absolute numbers of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera increased in 2000 relative to 1972 values. Gammarus lacustris had a 2-year life cycle in vre Heimdalsvatn. In 1972 there were significantly more females than males, but by 1976 and through to 2000 there were greater numbers of males. Despite this reduction in females, numbers of juveniles increased, although mortality, probably due to increased predation from minnows, was higher than earlier. The introduction of the alien species, the European minnow, into vre Heimdalsvatn has clearly changed the composition and structure of the littoral macroinvertebrate benthos.

• Brittain, John Edward & Gjerseth, Jan Egil (2010). Long-term trends and variation in Cs-137 activity concentrations in brown trout (Salmo trutta) from Øvre Heimdalsvatn, a Norwegian subalpine lake. Hydrobiologia. ISSN 0018-8158. 642(1), p. 107–113. doi: 10.1007/s10750-010-0155-5.
• Borgstrøm, Reidar; Museth, Jon & Brittain, John Edward (2010). The brown trout (Salmo trutta) in the lake, Øvre Heimdalsvatn: long-term changes in population dynamics due to exploitation and the invasive species, European minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus). Hydrobiologia. ISSN 0018-8158. 642(1), p. 81–91. doi: 10.1007/s10750-010-0161-7.
• Brittain, John Edward & Borgstrøm, Reidar (2010). The Norwegian reference lake ecosystem, Øvre Heimdalsvatn. Hydrobiologia. ISSN 0018-8158. 642(1), p. 5–12. doi: 10.1007/s10750-010-0154-6.
• Monte, L.; Periañez, Raul; Boyer, P.; Smith, J.T. & Brittain, John Edward (2009). The role of physical processes controlling the behaviour of radionuclide contaminants in the aquatic environment: a review of state-of-the-art modelling approaches. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. ISSN 0265-931X. 100(9), p. 779–784. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.05.006.
• Brittain, John Edward; Gislason, G.M.; Ponomorev, V.I.; Bogen, J.; Brørs, S. & Jensen, A.J. [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2009). Arctic Rivers. In Tockner, Klement; Uehlinger, Urs & Robinson, Christopher T. (Ed.), Rivers of Europe. Elsevier. ISSN 978-0-12-369449-2. p. 337–379.

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• Brittain, John Edward & Borgstrøm, Reidar (2010). The subalpine lake ecosystem, Øvre Heimdalsvatn, and its catchment: local and global changes over the last 50 years. Springer. ISBN 9789048193875. 126 p.

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• Brittain, John Edward (2023). Bruken av ferskvannsinsekter som miljøindikator i norsk vassdragsforvaltning.
• Brown, Lee E.; Khamis, Kieran; Wilkes, Martin; Blaen, Phillip; Brittain, John Edward & Carrivick, Jonathan L. [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2023). Erratum: Author Correction: Functional diversity and community assembly of river invertebrates show globally consistent responses to decreasing glacier cover (Nature ecology & evolution (2018) 2 2 (325-333)). Nature Ecology and Evolution. ISSN 2397-334X. 7(3), p. 472–476. doi: 10.1038/s41559-023-01989-y.
• L'Abée-Lund, Jan Henning; Aamodt, Knut Ola; Brittain, John Edward; Eie, Jon Arne; Faugli, Per Einar & Haugland, Svein [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Rivers of the Boreal Uplands. In Tockner, Klement; Zarfl, Christiane & Robinson, Christopher T. (Ed.), Rivers of Europe. Elsevier. ISSN 978-0-08-102612-0. p. 775–809.
• Brittain, John Edward; Gislason, G.M.; Olafsson, J.S.; Ponomorev, V.I.; Aamodt, Knut Ola & Bogen, J. [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2021). Arctic Rivers. In Tockner, Klement; Zarfl, Christiane & Robinson, Christopher T. (Ed.), Rivers of Europe. Elsevier. ISSN 978-0-08-102612-0. p. 495–546.
• Brittain, John Edward (2017). Hva skjer over tid med radioaktivt nedfall i naturen?
• Brittain, John Edward & Borgstrøm, Reidar (2015). Naturlige variasjoner versus menneskeskapte miljøendringer - hva viser lange tidsserier fra referansevannet Øvre Heimdalsvatn? Vann. ISSN 0042-2592. 50(2), p. 218–224.
• Kjærstad, Gaute; Eriksen, Tor Erik & Brittain, John Edward (2015). Steinfluer (Plecoptera). Norsk rødliste for arter 2015. Artsdatabanken.
• Kjærstad, Gaute; Eriksen, Tor Erik & Brittain, John Edward (2015). Døgnfluer (Ephemeroptera). Norsk rødliste for arter 2015. Artsdatabanken.
• Schütz, S.A.; Brittain, John Edward & Füreder, Leopold (2015). Biometric analysis on High Arctic aquatic chironomid communities.
• Brittain, John Edward (2015). Miljøtiltak ved vannkraftanlegg/energianlegg.
• Brittain, John Edward (2015). Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and stoneflies (Plecoptera) in extreme and unusual environments.
• Brittain, John Edward & Borgstrøm, Reidar (2015). Hva viser langtidsserier fra referansevannet Øvre Heimdalsvatn? Naturlige variasjoner versus menneskeskapte miljøendringer.
• Brittain, John Edward (2015). Radioaktiv forurensning i elver og innsjøer - utvikling og tiltak.
• Sainz-Bariain, M.; Zamora-Munoz, C. & Brittain, John Edward (2015). Life-history strategies of two endemics and one widespread species of genus Annitella Klapaleck 1907 (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae).
• Lento, J.; Lau, D.; Goedkoop, Willem; Culp, J. & Brittain, John Edward (2014). Patterns in macroinvertebrate traits of Canadian and European Arctic streams.
• Brittain, John Edward & Borgstrøm, Reidar (2014). Long-term changes in a Norwegian subalpine lake ecosystem.
• Füreder, Leopold & Brittain, John Edward (2014). Monitoring biodiversity and ecosystem function in high Arctic streams.
• Brittain, John Edward & Füreder, Leopold (2014). The challenges of monitoring biodiversity in relation to climate change in high Arctic streams.
• Boumans, Louis; Brittain, John Edward; Johnsen, Arild & Hogner, Silje (2014). Ecological speciation by temporal isolation in a population of the stonefly Leuctra hippopus (Plecoptera, Leuctridae).
• Brittain, John Edward & Boumans, Louis (2014). Faunistics of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in northern Norway and barcoding of Scandinavian species.
• Brittain, John Edward; Saltveit, Svein Jakob & Thygesen, Helene (2013). Variasjon i tid og rom i biologisk mangfold i rensebasseng langs vei.
• Petrin, Zlatko; Brittain, John Edward & Saltveit, Svein Jakob (2013). Mayfly and stonefly species traits and species composition reflect hydrological regulation: a meta-analysis : Electronic Supplementary Material : Appendix S1: List of publications including datasets that were used in meta-analysis. Freshwater Science (FWS). ISSN 2161-9549.
• Brittain, John Edward (2012). Interview/kommentar i forbindelse med en artikklel i Nature Climate Change: Retreating ice leaves glacial species on the rocks. Nature News & Comment.
• Carini, F.; Barabash, S.; Berkovsky, V.; Brittain, John Edward; Chouhan, S. & Eleftheriou, G. [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2012). Environmental sensitivity as a tool for the risk assessment of the use of nuclear energy.
• Eleftheriou, G.; Tsabaris, C.; Monte, L. & Brittain, John Edward (2012). Radiological modelling at Thermaikos Gulf.
• Saltveit, Svein Jakob & Brittain, John Edward (2012). Life cycle strategies in contrastng populations of the stonefly, Amphinemura standfussi.
• Helland, Nina Kristine Stein & Brittain, John Edward (2012). Distribution of Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera in a Norwegian mountain stream system in relation to environmental variables.
• Brittain, John Edward (2012). Suksesskriterier for gode avbøtende tiltak i regulerte vassdrag.
• Boumans, Louis; Johnsen, Arild & Brittain, John Edward (2012). DNA barcoding of Norwegian stoneflies and hepatageniid mayflies.
• Boumans, Louis; Brittain, John Edward & Johnsen, Arild (2012). DNA barcoding of Norwegian stoneflies and heptageniid mayflies.
• Saltveit, Svein Jakob; Brittain, John Edward & Brabrand, Åge (2011). The return of Atlantic salmon and increased benthic diversity in urban rivers in Oslo, Norway: result of improvements in water quality. Show summary

  There are several rivers and streams that rise in the forests surrounding the city of Oslo, Norway. Most of them run through industrial and urban areas before they reach the sea. They have a long history of poor water quality and during the 1970s and early 1980s water quality was still very poor in the middle and lower reaches of most of these rivers. This was reflected in low benthic diversity and the absence of fish. However, considerable efforts were made to limit industrial discharges, pollution episodes and urban runoff, resulting in a substantial improvement in water quality. This improvement in water quality was accompanied by major changes in the benthos and fish populations of the rivers, especially the river, Akerselva, that runs through the city centre. Here Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) became extinct in the mid-1800s, and did not return until 1983. Atlantic salmon and sea trout (Salmo trutta) now spawn in the lower reaches and it the river supports juvenile populations of these salmonids and is popular as a sports fishery. In line with the improvement in water quality benthic biodiversity has also increased. The long-term monitoring of the rivers in Oslo based on benthos and fish, has not only documented these improvements, but has also enabled the authorities to trace the source of several pollution episodes that have led to fish kills. More recently, monitoring has indicated a decline in water quality in some river reaches, causing a reduction in fish and benthic diversity. The EU Water Framework Directive will bring further pressure to maintain a stable and good ecological status for the Oslo rivers, although it may be difficult to attain this goal in an urban environment.

• Tracy, B.; Berkovsky, V.; Brittain, John Edward; Carini, F.; Chouhan, S. & Iosjpe, M. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2011). An analysis of the sensitivity of non-urban environments to radioactive contamination under the IAEA EMRAS-II program.
• Brittain, John Edward & Borgstrøm, Reidar (2010). The subalpine lake ecosystem, Øvre Helmdalsvatn, and its catchment: local and global changes over the last 50 years - Preface. Hydrobiologia. ISSN 0018-8158. 642(1), p. 1–4. doi: 10.1007/s10750-010-0152-8.
• Brittain, John Edward (2010). New challenges and routines in the environmental management of hydropower in Norwegian rivers.
• Schartau, Ann Kristin; Dervo, Børre Kind; Brittain, John Edward; Erikstad, Lars; Prestø, Tommy & Svenning, Martin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Ferskvannsnatur på Svalbard: Evaluering av forslag til revidert NiN limnisk. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA).
• Jensen, Torodd; Stensby, Kjell Erik; Vognild, Inge H. & Brittain, John Edward (2021). Norway's hydroelectric development 1945-1990. Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat. ISSN 978-82-410-2156-5.
• Brittain, John Edward (2021). Hva skjer over tid med radioaktivt nedfall i naturen - kunnskap fra langtidsovervåking av Tsjernobyl-nedfallet på høyfjellsøkosystemet Øvre Heimdalsvatn. Naturhistorisk Museum, Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 978-82-7970-127-9.
• Brittain, John Edward; Schartau, Ann Kristin & Svenning, Martin (2020). Biologiske mangfold i ferskvann på Svalbard. Kunnskapsgrunnlag, påvirkninger og forslag til framtidig overvåking. Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat. ISSN 978-82-410-2016-2.
• Brittain, John Edward; Borgstrøm, Reidar; Bremnes, Trond; Haaland, Ståle Leif; Mjelde, Marit & Nilssen, Jens Petter [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Øvre Heimdalsvatn – økologisk langtidsovervåking. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 978-82-7970-108-8.
• Heggenes, Jan; Alfredsen, Knut; Brittain, John Edward; Adeva Bustos, Ana; Huusko, Ari & Stickler, Morten (2017). Stay cool Temperature changes and biological responses in hydropower-regulated northern stream systems. University College of Southeast Norway. ISSN 978-82-7206-462-3.
• Brittain, John Edward; Saltveit, Svein Jakob; Bremnes, Trond; Pavels, Henning; Løfall, Bjørn Petter & Nilssen, Jens Petter (2017). Biodiversity in Wet Sedimentation Ponds Constructed for Receiving Road Runoff. Naturhistorisk Museum. ISSN 978-82-7970-083-8.
• Brabrand, Åge; Bremnes, Trond; Brittain, John Edward; Saltveit, Svein Jakob; Gjemlestad, Lars & Haaland, Ståle Leif (2015). En vurdering av virkning på bunndyr og fisk ved økt senkning av Vinstern i Oppland. UiO, Naturhistorisk museum. ISSN 978-82-7970-058-6.
• Gjelsvik, Runhild; Komperød, Mari; Brittain, John Edward; Eikelmann, Inger Margrethe; Gaare, Eldar & Gwynn, Justin [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2014). Radioaktivt cesium i norske landområder og ferskvannssystemer. Resultater fra overvåkning i perioden 1986-2013. Statens strålevern. ISSN 0804-4910. Show summary

  Resymé: Resultater på overvåking av radioaktiv forurensning i fauna, dyr og ferskvannsfisk fra norske landområder inklusive Arktis er presentert. Hovedfokuset er nivå og utvikling av cesium-137 i utvalgte arter av lav, planter, sopp, fugl, pattedyr og ferskvannsfisk siden Tsjernobyl-ulykken i 1986. Radioaktivitet, Cesium-137,Overvåkning, Tsjernobyl-ulykken, Terrestrisk miljø, Lav, Planter, Radioactivity, Caesium-137, Monitoring, Chernobyl-accident, Terrestrial environment, Lichen

• Andersson, P.; Barnett, C.L.; Beresford, N.A.; Bollhöfer, A.; Bradshaw, C. & Brittain, John Edward [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). Handbook of parameter values for the prediction of radionuclide transfer to wildlife. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). ISSN 978-92-0-100714-8. 479(1).
• Barabash, S.; Berkovsky, Y.; Brittain, John Edward; Carini, F.; Chouhan, Sohan & Eleftherou, G. [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2013). Environmental Sensitivity in Nuclear Emergencies in Rural and Semi-natural Environments. International Atomic Energy Agency. ISSN 978-92-0-112610-8.
• Pröhl, G.; Brittain, John Edward & et al., forfattere (2012). Environmental Modelling for Radiation Safety (EMRAS) - A summary report of the results of the EMRAS programme (2003-2007). International Atomic Energy Agency. ISSN 978-92-0-129810-2.
• Glover, Brian; Brabrand, Åge; Brittain, John Edward; Gregersen, Finn; Holmen, Johannes & Saltveit, Svein Jakob (2012). Avbøtende tiltak i regulerte vassdrag: målsettinger og suksesskriterier. Norges vassdrags- og energidirektorat (NVE). ISSN 978-82-410-0811-5.
• Culp, J.; Goedekoop, W.; Lento, J.; Christoffersen, K.; Frenzel, S. & Liljaniemi, P. [Show all 25 contributors for this article] (2012). Arctic Freshwater Biodiversity Monitoring Plan. CAFF International Secretariat (Arctic Council). ISSN 978-9935-431-19-6.
• Bremnes, Trond & Brittain, John Edward (2011). Vurdering av økologisk tilstand i Gudbrandsdalslågen og Gausa, Oppland. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 1891-8050.
• Saltveit, Svein Jakob; Bremnes, Trond & Brittain, John Edward (2010). Kalking i laksevassdrag - Effektkontroll i 2009. Kvinavassdraget. 4 Bunndyr. Direktoratet for naturforvaltning. ISSN 0802-1546.
• Saltveit, Svein Jakob; Bremnes, Trond & Brittain, John Edward (2010). Kalking i laksevassdrag - Effektkontroll i 2009. Audna. 4 Bunndyr. Direktoratet for naturforvaltning. ISSN 0802-1546.
• Saltveit, Svein Jakob; Bremnes, Trond & Brittain, John Edward (2010). Kalking i laksevassdrag - Effektkontroll i 2009. Mandalsvassdraget. 4 Bunndyr. Direktoratet for naturforvaltning. ISSN 0802-1546.
• Saltveit, Svein Jakob; Bremnes, Trond & Brittain, John Edward (2010). Kalking i laksevassdrag - Effektkontroll i 2009. Vegårvassdraget. 4 Bunndyr. Direktoratet for naturforvaltning. ISSN 0802-1546.

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